Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays

Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Essays Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Determination of molarity of cell sap in potato tubers Paper Plant and animal cells are made up of a cell membrane. The plant cells have the cell membrane line in the inside of the cell wall. The cell wall provides the turgidity to the cell. The cell wall is dead and allows all substances to pass freely through it whereas the cell membrane is alive and selective. This is the case also for the cell membrane of the animal cells. The only difference is however that the cell membrane is the only layer around the cell unlike the cell wall that is part of the plant cells. The cell membrane is alive and selective as we know. This means that it is semi-permeable. This is called a semi permeable membrane. Semi permeable means that it is a layer or a surface that allows only certain particles to pass through but not any others. A completely permeable membrane means that it is a membrane that allows any particles to pass through like is the case for the dead cell wall. This cell membrane is a thin layer of cytoplasm and allows the cell to control the products that come through and go out. For example the cell membrane allows only substances like water, glucose and water are allowed to enter and waste products are removed. However the other way round is not possible because the membrane does not allow the wastes to enter and the vital particles to exit. The membrane is very important to organisms. The movement of gas molecules is called diffusion. The diffusion of other substances such as liquids across a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis. The process of osmosis will be studied in detail here. There is another type of movement and it is called active transport. To understand both of these it is important to know what the concentration gradient is. It is also called diffusion gradient because it also applies to gases. Diffusion or concentration gradient shows the molecules or the particles as from less concentrated to more concentrate. This is demonstrated below. A- higher concentration B- molecules moving C- Less concentration From this diagram we can see that there are more molecules on the left and the molecules are moving from section A through the section B and moves to C where there are fewer molecules. This way we can see that the molecules are diffusing through the empty space. The arrow points towards the diffusion gradient. For the active transport it will be the other way which shows it is against the concentration gradient. This shows the movement of particles for gases. The difference for osmosis is that in osmosis there is a semi permeable membrane. This semi permeable membrane has tiny pores that allow only certain products to pass through. Active transport is different from osmosis because osmosis is according to the concentration gradient and active transport is against the concentration gradient. Factors of osmosis Osmosis depends on the concentration and the temperature of the surroundings in which it takes place. The concentration of the solution is very important because then it will be according to the number of molecules in the water. If we take a sugar solution we know that there is sugar dissolved in it but also it is important to know what is the concentration of the solution. The higher the concentration, the more the amount of sugar molecules and so the amount of water is less. Therefore the amount of water that moves towards it will be more. If we take the above diagram and we place the semi permeable membrane in the middle or have a semi permeable membrane full of the solution we will see this change. This is demonstrated below. For the sake of simplicity, the water molecule has been shown as small and monoatomic where its actual formula is H20 and the sugar molecule is also shown bigger so that it is easier to distinguish and its actual formula is C6H12O6. As we can see form the above diagram that the reason that the sugar molecule cannot pass through is that it is too big to fit through the pore. Even if the gap is large enough the sugar molecule passes though very slowly. The arrows in between show the movement of the particles. As we can see that the reason that the water molecules are moving is that there are less water molecules on the left and so the solution is concentrated and the solution on the right is dilute. The solution on the left is more concentrated because the sugar molecules are now hydrated and so have stopped the water molecules from moving freely and thus there are less water molecules present in the solution. This is usually called water of crystallisation. So we can define osmosis as the movement of water molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. As we will observe the level of water on the right will decrease and the level of water on the left increases until both will be the same. So they will be in balance and proportion. In plants the following occurs so that the plants may take in fresh water and if seawater were added the reverse would happen, the cells would lose water. This we will see later. Osmosis can take place in any solution, whether it is a salt solution or even a sugar solution. The water potential is the measure of whether the solution is likely to gain or lose water and by how much. So it is concluded that pure water has the highest water potential because it has the highest number of free molecules and can diffuse from one solution to the other no matter how concentrated or dilute it may be. This again repeats the fact that the water moves from a high potential to a low potential. Once again it is important that the substance that is added to the water is soluble in water. Osmosis is also used industrially, mainly in the process of agriculture. Sometimes in industry, quite different from agriculture, osmosis may also be used. In this case the tubing would be made of cellulose acetate in sheets or tubes used for dialysis. The size of the pores can be adjusted according to the size of the molecules or the particles of the substances and used accordingly for different purposes. In an animal cell the water is taken by osmosis. The cell swells up and can burst if the extra water is not removed. The tissue fluid does this. The tissue fluid has the same concentration as the cell and so the substances or rather water can pass freely between the cell and the tissue fluid. As we can see form the above representation the cell has expanded and will burst if it does not lose the extra water. That is why the tissue fluid plays an important part. The solution outside is called the hypotonic solution because it has a low concentration of the solute compared to the solution in the inside, which is called the hypertonic solution. As for the solutions between the cytoplasm and the tissue fluid have the same concentration so that they can freely exchange. These solutions are called isotonic solutions. For the plant cells, too the same thing happens. But when the above change takes place, the cells are now turgid and this property is usually used to check the end of the osmosis in experiments and the cells that have lost water by osmosis until they are flaccid, which means that they have wilted or a starting to wilt. This is important for us to know because we will be experimenting about the plant cells when we investigate osmosis. Plant Cells Plant Cells have vacuoles. This makes all the difference to the turgidity. When the plant cell is surrounded by dilute solution then the water will enter the vacuole and enlarge it. The vacuole will become larger and also push against the sides of the cytoplasm. This will stretch the cell. This will happen till a limit because there is the cell wall that does not allow the cell to expand too much. This means that the cell is turgid and is exerting turgor pressure on the walls of the cell. When the water content in the vacuole decreases either due to lack of water or the loss of water due to transpiration, the cells become flaccid. The vacuole becomes smaller. The cells are said to be plasmolysed. The vacuoles have pulled the cytoplasm away from the cell walls and thus allowed the cells to become smaller. As we have already discussed the temperature is an important factor in osmosis. As the temperature increases the rate of osmosis also increase. This is because the when the temperature increases the water molecules move faster from one solution to the other. As we proceed to the experiment, we will see that what other factors are to be kept constant and what changes occur during the procedure of the experiment. Osmosis is important in nature. Osmosis is important in every living creature because it controls the distribution of water and nutrients. Osmosis occurs only when there is a semi permeable membrane so it keeps waste products out of the cell and provides the cell with the substances required in appropriate amounts. If there were no osmosis, red blood cells would get filled with water and burst just like a balloon. This is called hemolysis. Salty water can cause the tissues to dehydrate and osmosis may prevent this. This is because it is a salty solution. Osmosis maintains the regularity of concentration in the cells of the living organisms. Even so in plants osmosis helps to maintain the balance of water and the turgidity. Without this plants would wilt and die. The same for humans. If there were too much or too little water in cells, we may also die but osmosis prevents this. In plants this process is partially responsible for drawing water up to the stems where it can be used for respiration. Then again if the water in the soil is salty or has too much fertiliser in it, it can be harmful for the plants because the solution is then hypertonic.

The 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research

The 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research Ethics are self-regulatory guidelines for making decisions and defining professions. By establishing ethical codes, professional organizations maintain the integrity of the profession, define the expected conduct of members, and protect the welfare of subjects and clients. Moreover, ethical codes give professionals direction when confronting ethical dilemmas or confusing situations. A case in point is a scientists decision whether to intentionally deceive subjects or inform them about the true risks or goals of a controversial but much-needed experiment. Many organizations, such as the American Sociological Association, establish ethical principles and guidelines. The vast majority of todays social scientists abide by their respective organizations ethical principles. 5 Ethical Considerations in Sociological Research The American Sociological Associations (ASAs) Code of Ethics sets forth the principles and ethical standards that underlie sociologists professional responsibilities and conduct. These principles and standards should be used as guidelines when examining everyday professional activities. They constitute normative statements for sociologists and provide guidance on issues that sociologists may encounter in their professional work. The ASA’s Code of Ethics contains five general principles and explanations. Professional Competence Sociologists strive to maintain the highest levels of competence in their work; they recognize the limitations of their expertise; and they undertake only those tasks for which they are qualified by education, training, or experience. They recognize the need for ongoing education in order to remain professionally competent; and they utilize the appropriate scientific, professional, technical, and administrative resources needed to ensure competence in their professional activities. They consult with other professionals when necessary for the benefit of their students, research participants, and clients. Integrity Sociologists are honest, fair, and respectful of others in their professional activities- in research, teaching, practice, and service. Sociologists do not knowingly act in ways that jeopardize either their own or others professional welfare. Sociologists conduct their affairs in ways that inspire trust and confidence; they do not knowingly make statements that are false, misleading, or deceptive. Professional and Scientific Responsibility Sociologists adhere to the highest scientific and professional standards and accept responsibility for their work. Sociologists understand that they form a community and show respect for other sociologists even when they disagree on theoretical, methodological, or personal approaches to professional activities. Sociologists value the public trust in sociology and are concerned about their ethical behavior and that of other sociologists that might compromise that trust. While endeavoring always to be collegial, sociologists must never let the desire to be collegial outweigh their shared responsibility for ethical behavior. When appropriate, they consult with colleagues in order to prevent or avoid unethical conduct. Respect for People’s Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Sociologists respect the rights, dignity, and worth of all people. They strive to eliminate bias in their professional activities, and they do not tolerate any forms of discrimination based on age; gender; race; ethnicity; national origin; religion; sexual orientation; disability; health conditions; or marital, domestic, or parental status. They are sensitive to cultural, individual, and role differences in serving, teaching, and studying groups of people with distinctive characteristics. In all of their work-related activities, sociologists acknowledge the rights of others to hold values, attitudes, and opinions that differ from their own. Social Responsibility   Sociologists are aware of their professional and scientific responsibility to the communities and societies in which they live and work. They apply and make public their knowledge in order to contribute to the public good. When undertaking research, they strive to advance the science of sociology and to serve the public good. References CliffsNotes.com. (2011). Ethics in Sociological Research. cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26845.html American Sociological Association. (2011). asanet.org/about/ethics.cfm

Community Project that is Hand Washing Education from Kindergarten to Term Paper

Community Project that is Hand Washing Education from Kindergarten to 3rd Grade - Term Paper Example diseases which might be caused due to improper hand-washing practices, a plan needs to be proposed for creating awareness within the Carroll community and also would involve a number of definite activities. Each activity will be highly focused towards demonstrating the significance of hand-washing for the kindergartens and grade 3 children within the various areas of the community. A large number of proposed events will be executed in different locations which would entail school and community based programs with respect to creating awareness concerning the needs of hand-washing for the children within the Carroll community. Kindergarten significantly refers to the education program intended for the children in their preschool periods. The proposed planning for providing educational program related to the significance of hand-washing will include certain activities for the kindergarten till grade 3 children across the Carroll community. The proposed plan will involve certain objectiv es such as, general information that is when to wash hands, the actual process of washing hands along with the use of appropriate soap and liquid materials and miscellaneous information regarding prevention of probable diseases (Harris County Public Health & Environmental Services, 2008). General Information The general information of the awareness program will include various information and impacts related to germs which give rise to a number of physical ailments. With this concern, the hand-washing education program for the kindergartens in the Carroll community will highly focus to deliver the information regarding the negative influences of the germs. The awareness program will be focused to provide information on various communicable diseases to all the government as well as privately... This paper stresses that the hand-washing education program can be considered to be one of the foremost exercises for the kindergarten children to keep them away from the adverse affects of bacterial and other infectious diseases. With this concern, the program will be beneficial for this segment within the Carroll community in order to educate them towards fighting against the germs which are hidden in the skin. The hands are measured to be one of the major carriers of various types of germs from other person or environment to the body. Hands can pick up microorganism from objects that are touched by other persons which might create a vulnerable condition for the human body. Therefore, an appropriate process of hand-washing can be highly considered to be necessary in order to prevent various types of germs that are transferred from the environment or any other subjects. This report makes a conclusion that the hand-washing education program for the kindergarten to grade 3 children can also be considered as one of the major steps for communicating the significance of hand-washing along with the other major issues that might get prompted due to non-washing or inappropriate washing of hands. However, it is also important to address a standard health need along with an effective support of the stakeholders in terms of conducting hand-washing education program for any community.

Evaluate to what extent intellectual property law adequately protects Essay - 1

Evaluate to what extent intellectual property law adequately protects the rights of enteratinment business personalities(real persons only) - Essay Example Intellectual property law mainly covers copy right law. Copyright is a measure of protection that deals with published and unpublished literary, scientific and artistic works, whatever the form of expression, provided such works are fixed in a tangible or material form 1. Copyright laws provide the creator the exclusive right to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform and display the work publicly. Hence the violation of copy right becomes severe challenge for persons of entertainment industry. The main challenges are in the form of theft of ideas, violation of intellectual property law i.e. infringement of trade mark and copy right leading to the injustice to the genuine artists (Maskus, 2000 and Peter Drahos, 2006). Fortunately there have been some legal instruments in the world which provide optimum justice to the genuine artists. Intellectual property law is one of the most crucial instrument which certainly protects the rights of the artists in the entertainment industry (Robert M. Sherwood, 1990 and Brainbridge David,2006). The introduction of intellectual property law has been done keeping these things in to consideration. However one must question oneself regarding the efficacy of this intellectual property law in the context of protection of the interests of the artists in entertainment industry. Taking these above points in view, the present study has been conducted with the following objectives: The different aspects of the copy right law and trade mark have to be analyzed relating to their role in balancing mechanism between the right of privacy of artists and the right of freedom of information of media. There is a lot of probability of having conflict with implementation of intellectual property law in case of licencing and sponsiorship which is quire common in both sports and entertainment industry. The regulation of intellectual property in cases of

Love and Neurobiology: Not So Strange Bedfellows :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Love and Neurobiology: Not So Strange Bedfellows "The moment you have in your heart this extraordinary thing called love and feel the depth, the delight, the ecstasy of it, you will discover that for you the world is transformed." -J. Krishnamurti Love is one of life's great mysteries. People live and build their lives around love. For many people, love, or the quest to find love, is a reason to get out of bed in the morning. Love is arguably the most overwhelming of all emotions. Many ideals and religions consider the bond of love sacred. But, why do people fall in love? Is romantic love an enigma, or can it be reduced to the presence of certain chemicals and neurotransmitters within the brain at a given time? In the hit movie Roxanne, Steve Martin plays an articulate, put-together fire chief. However, when he falls in love with Roxanne, he acts crazy and performs dangerous acrobatics on her balcony in an attempt to earn her love. In Titanic, the two lovebirds risk it all in a vein attempt to pursue their love. And, in Shakespeare's classic, Romeo and Juliet, the love struck Venetians deny their families and take their own lives in the name of love. What causes this temporary insanity that most everyone encounters at some point in his or her life? Many believe that love is spontaneous and inexplicable, however many neurobiologists disagree. They stand by the idea that the brain causes all behavior, even love. The scientific definition of love is "having stimulation that one desires" (5). Recent research by two British neurologists concludes that love is linked to certain brain activities. By conducting tests using a magnetic resonance imager, the scientists measured brain activity in 17 people while they were viewing a picture of their loved one, and while they were viewing a photo of a friend of the same sex as their lover. When the individuals see the picture of the person they love, clear activity occurs in four regions of the brain that were not active when the image of the friend was present. The media insula, which is responsible for instinctual feelings, and the anterior cingulate, which acts in response to euphoria-inducing drugs, such as cocaine, are the two areas of the cortex stimulated by pictures of a lover. The striatum, that is activated when we are rewarded and the prefrontal cortex also increase their activity when shown the same picture.

Case Study 3m

Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company Case Study Table of contents Table of contents Page 1 Introduction to 3M Page 2 Market and products Page 2 Performance over the last 5 years Page 3 International Marketing Activities Page 4 Miscellaneous Topics Page 6 Appendix 1 Page 7 References Page 8 Introduction to 3M 3M Company, the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, was founded in 1902 by five businessmen. They wanted to make a profit out of minerals for grinding wheel abrasives, but this failed to really take off. Their real success lay in the encouragement towards innovative employees, which resulted in several exclusive products such as waterproof sandpaper and masking tape. The search for new products and innovations became their core business from then on. Despite several failures in the first years 3M continued growing and coming up with new innovative products such as the now famous Scotch tape. In 1929 3M went international as well as traded their first stock and in 1949 they became listed on the New York Stock Exchange [3M Timeline]. By the 1950s it had international sales amounting to $20 million. In 1960 and 1970 it kept growing and released a line of board games which was very successful. They also produced their only traffic signal around this time, one that is still being used today. In the late 1970s the company was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings and in the 1980s it invented the Post-it notes [Haeg 2002]. The company is still growing today and now has over 130 factories employing some 67. 000 people. Its international sales increased tenfold since 1950, now amounting to a staggering $22 billion [3M Press Release 2006]. M is currently working on focusing on its core businesses and they intend to sell some of their product lines. Their current business model focuses on â€Å"the ability to not only develop unique products, but also to manufacture them efficiently and consistently around the world† [3M Timeline]. Markets and products The market position of 3M depends on which market you look at. Its consumer and office business products are sol d in more than 80 countries. Some of the worldwide-known products of 3M in this market are Scotch ®, Post-it ®, Scotch-Brite ®, Scotchgard, Filtreteâ„ ¢, Commandâ„ ¢ and Nexcareâ„ ¢. M distinguishes their products from other products by providing high quality and value for money. In the display and graphics business 3M has three core businesses which all hold the market-leadership position and are registering solid growth. The three core businesses of 3M in this market are the commercial graphics market, the transportation safety market and film market. 3M is the market leader in the health care business providing medical, dental and orthodontic products, and drug delivery and health information systems. In this market 3M is registering strong growth with the sale of branded pharmaceuticals. An example of a product in the medical market is 3M’s Petrifilm plates which are used by food processors to help provide healthy food. In the industrial and transportation market 3M is not holding a leadership position. They are showing solid growth in this market by building core businesses and by expanding into large adjacent markets. 3M believes that the oil, gas and do-it-yourself car-care are two markets that will contribute to their growth. In 2005 they acquired CUNO Inc. , a global leader in the liquid filtration market, which gave 3M the possibility to grow into a new market segment. M is also a market leader in the safety, security and protection service business. Especially due to the large demand for safety nowadays the company is doing very well in this market. They generate more than 60 percent of their sales outside the U. S. by selling occupational health and environmental safety products, security systems and building safety solutions. The company is doing well internationally and their global presence is their main competitive advantage which enables them to capitalize on the rapid growth of manufacturing in emerging economies. To meet the worldwide demand, 3M is constructing a new plant in Korea, expanding production in the U. S. and through selective acquisition. Performance over the last 5 years Looking at performance is always a hard thing to do, because it can be measured in many different ways such as stockholders value, value for the community or whether or not the company provides stable profits and growth of profit. We will try to highlight all aspects of performance but the main focus will be on the financial part of the company. Firstly, when looking at the share prices of 3M compared to the Dow Jones Index, which is the weighted value of the biggest American firms, one can see that over the last five years 3M’s share value grew by 20% while the Dow Jones Index showed a 40% growth. In other words, most other companies showed a considerably larger growth. It should be noted, though, that 3M shows to be a stable company over longer period of time, without excessive drops in share prices, which means there is little to no risk involved in investing in 3M. On top of the increased value of the shares, the stockholders received a steady dividend of 1. % on average over the last 5 years. Because of a growth in profit the payments of dividend tend to increase over time and the expectations for the future are increasing profits if only a few percentages a year. Secondly, we will compare 3M’s performance to that of its main competitors; specifically the other large conglomerates: Johnson and Johnson and Avery Dennison. When we compare the growth of revenue 3M is somewhat behind on its competitors, as Johnson and Johnson obtained a growth rate of 16%, Avery one of 13% and 3M only 7. 3% over the last 4 quarters. Remarkably then, 3M showed the greatest increase in share prices over the last five years. This shows the strength and trust in the company, because people are not likely to invest in a company they don't believe in. We will now try to see what this company meant for society. It's clear that 3M is a big employer with 76,239 employees. No big redundancies can be found in the last five years. Furthermore there are no scandals involving things such as child labor or misuse of the environment. In short, 3M is a stable employer, which does little or nothing wrong. International Marketing Activities Segmentation The 3M Company operates as a diversified technology company worldwide. By segmenting its business it increased speed and efficiency by sharing technological, manufacturing, marketing and other resources. 3M operates in the following six segments: Industrial and Transportation; Health Care; Display and Graphics; Consumer and Office; Safety, Security, and Protection Services; and Electro and Communications. Each segment has its own targeting group, which the name of each segment already pretty much reveals. Distribution As 3M originally being an American company, it is now operating throughout the whole world. In 2006, 61% of the company’s sales were international, while 39% of sales were in the U. S. But still 57% of 3M’s operations were in the U. S compared with 43% internationally. The company hopes to bring this number of operations internationally up to 55% by 2012 [Ackerman 2007]. New plants will increase capacity geographically and improve some production facilities. Plants are now being built in Korea, China, Russia, Poland, India and Turkey. Streamlining efficiencies in distribution and logistics will lower costs and reduce working capital needs [Rick 2007]. This means that operating in these markets becomes easier due to a decreasing in the channel length. Still, 3M products are sold through numerous distribution channels, which is necessary. Products are sold directly to users and through several wholesalers, distributors, retailers and dealers in wide variety of trades in many countries around the globe. 3M’s management believes the confidence of these distribution channels in 3M and its products, developed through long association with skilled marketing and sales representatives, has added considerably to 3M’s position in the marketplace and to its growth. M has 189 sales offices worldwide, with 15 in the U. S. and 174 internationally [Campbell 2005]. Product Policy When operating in advanced economies’ industries, it is important to adjust marketing strategies accordingly to the situation. 3M is offering such a wide range of products, that it is sometimes necessary to standardize these products. â€Å"With well -known products such as Scotch tape and Post-it notes, the company enjoys a broad portfolio of products that address the needs of just about every economic sector that exists in just about every geography that one can think of [Rick 2007]†. When looking at just one of the business segments of 3M, the company says they are a global leader in the Industrial and Transportation Business with products such as tapes abrasives, adhesives, filtration systems, etc. It is easy to standardize these products because these products are associated with cultural universals; that is, when consumers from different countries share similar need characteristics and therefore want essentially identical products. An important point of product policy is cost advantage. To reach this cost advantage, the firm must keep its product cost competitive by eliminating unnecessary options. Then it is desirable to offer a standardized product with a standard package of features or options included. The simplicity of these products offered by 3M is a strength regarding to standardization [Onkvisit and Shaw 2004]. Take for example Scotch Crystal Clear Tape. This product is a great example of a standardized product. Its package contains a small description in eleven different languages while still made in the USA. Essentially, the main marketing goal is to maximize profit. Pricing and Promotion strategies Many of 3M’s products are standardized, but not all. This means that their not asking a premium price for the majority of its products. On March 21, 2003 after only a 4-month development and implementation project the company launched â€Å"3M Marketing Online† in Europe. 3M was already looking for a new application that would centralize all marketing strategies between the European entity and other 3M European subsidiaries. M Marketing Online provides a powerful sales and marketing knowledge base, centralizing all information necessary, such as market research, best practices, promotions and not to forget pricelists. This application allowed 3M to significantly simplify the information distribution processes for their sales network. Having such many different brands as 3M implies many different promotion strategies. But one strategy that would cover the whole entity is choosing a name that reflects its character, brand promise and position in the market place. The 3M name fits well in 21st century global market, even though the company already exists over a hundred years. The original registered name was the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company and the name ‘3M Co’ first appeared in a diamond shape in 1906 complete with company’s full name and its Duluth, Minnesota headquarters location around it. Today’s familiar internationally recognisable red 3M logo was introduced in the 1970s and is a highly prized asset. It is not just a symbol of corporate identity; it is also a trademark and brand [Wnim 2002]. Miscellaneous Topics M states on their website: â€Å"Community giving is an important part of 3M’s sustainability strategy† [3M Community]. Further research taught us that this is not a lie. 3M’s community giving is extensive; examples are philanthropy, employee volunteerism and donations, 3M cash gifts and donated products. 3M says it invests in the communities where it has facilities. Although this does not distinguish 3M from other Multinational Corporations (MNCs), who also fund projects in the regions they have facilities, what does distinguish 3M is that they are among the leaders in workplace volunteerism. Employees are stimulated to pass their knowledge on to the locals. An example is the 3M Science Encouragement Programs, where 3M scientists and engineers share skills and career inspiration with students and scholars [3M Volunteerism] As just mentioned 3M also spends a lot on community giving, the giving goes to: K-12 education, health & human services, environment, higher education, arts, culture and volunteerism. Since mathematics, science and economics are fields that 3M depends on for their future it is not just charity to fund projects to increase student achievement in mathematics, science and economics [3M K12]. It is also in the interest the company as well as their higher education project. With these projects, 3M makes itself known to the students and creates goodwill among students. The one thing that is the same in all the projects is that they are focused on the people or environment in the community where 3M has a factory or facility. This varies from giving lectures to taking care for the local environment. _ _Another program that shows 3M’s involvement with the communities is their matched gift program. Every employee and retiree of 3M that makes a cash donation to a good cause will get a matching donation from 3M. This means that every dollar donated will be matched by one dollar by 3M. Each donation will be doubled by 3M with a maximum of $40,000. The main goal to all the community giving projects of 3M is that 3M wants their employees to contribute, whether this is by giving workshops and transfer their knowledge or via donation. 3M wants to contribute in the communities where they have a facility, and wants their employees and retirees to do so as well [3M Community Giving]. Appendix 1 Consumer and Office market: Display and Graphics market: *Includes $39 million of restructuring expenses Electro and Communications market: *Includes $46 million of restructuring expenses Health Care market: *Includes $673 million of net gains primarily related to the gain on the sale of a portion of the pharmaceuticals business, partially offset by restructuring and other items Industrial and Transportation Business *Includes $15 million of restructuring expenses Safety, Security and Protection Services market *Includes $10 million of restructuring expenses Source: http://www. 3m. com References Haeg, Andrew. â€Å"3M at 100 – on the right path for growth?. 10 JUNE 2002 30 MAR 2008 http://news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/200206/03_haega_3Mhistory/. â€Å"Historical Timeline. † 3M. 3M. 31 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/our/company/information/history/timeline/2000-firsts. â€Å"Product & Services. † 3M. 3M. 31 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/Products/ProdServ. http://www. 3m. com/intl/sg/markets. html>  "3M Businesses. † 3M. 3M. 31 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/our/company/information/business. â€Å"Community Giving. † 3M. 3M. 1 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/global/sustainability/stakeholders/community. â€Å"3M Volunteers. † 3m. 3M. 31 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/CommunityAffairs/CommunityGiving/US/Volunteerism. † K-12 Education Giving. † 3M. 3M. 31 Mar 2008 http://solutions. 3m. com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/CommunityAffairs/CommunityGiving/US/K12/. â€Å"What's in a Name?. † This Issue (2007) 31 Mar 2008 http://www. wnim. com/archive/issue2504/WhatsNewInMarketing-3M. htm. â€Å"3M Drives Improvements in Marketing Productivity with InStranet and

Ikea Media Plan - 1132 Words

Media Plan Marketing Objective 1: To increase awareness of local IKEA store locations in the U.S. among Generation Y individuals between ages 23 and 30 by 25% by January 2014. Media Objective 1: Reach 30% of Generation Y (ages 23-30) at least twice a month during 2013 with information regarding their IKEA store within 200 miles. Media Strategy: Use direct mail campaign that highlights the location of the nearest store with IKEA facts, and promotions. The mailings are to be released at the beginning of each month for three consecutive months. Media Tactics: Create a direct mailing informational campaign that states the closest IKEA store with events or promotions going on that month. The initial messaging states the†¦show more content†¦The ads will run for a year in January/February, May/June, September/October with new advertisements each month set. Medium: Print/Magazine Budget: $4.5 million for ad spots, staff, and creation Rationale: The magazine spots are able to reach the audience that is interested in fashion and the trends. Magazines focus on what is trendy for that season and point out what the celebrities are doing, the campaign will tie in how the furniture is fitting in with that specific trend amp; is an affordable price vs the designer alternative. Marketing Objective 3: Increase IKEA.com traffic 5% by January 2014. Media Objective 3: Raise frequency of contact about IKEA.com to Generation Y living 120 miles outside of an IKEA store to twice a month. Media Strategy: Use eBlasts to promote new products and promotions that are web only. Media Tactic: The blasts will be sent two times a month to a purchased list. The list will consist of anyone between the age of 23-30 living 150 miles outside of an IKEA store. 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